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A Different View of Mel Gibson's 

"The Passion of The Christ"

Part 2

February 25, 2004

* Updated February 27, 2004

Updated February 29, 2004 

Aramaic, Greek & Latin

On Mr. Gibson's official Passion website, under the ARAMAIC – AN ANCIENT LANGUAGE COMES ALIVE, he decided that Aramaic was the common language used at the time of Christ, and also Latin, and although Greek was mentioned in the Synopsis section, it was determined Greek did not play an important part, both historically and Biblically. 

"...This means Aramaic for the Jewish characters, including Christ and his disciples, and "street Latin" for the Romans. Greek, which was commonly spoken among the intellectuals of the period, was not quite as relevant to the story." 7

Instead it was determined that Aramaic was the language most used by all, and defying historical fact, declared the language of commerce at that time. Again from the official site:

"One of Mel Gibson's earliest decisions as director of The Passion of The Christ was to have the Jesus of his film speak the same language that the historical Jesus spoke 2,000 years ago. That language is Aramaic, an ancient Semitic tongue closely related to Hebrew that today is considered by some linguists to be a dead language, still used in dialects by only a small number of people in remote parts of the Middle East." 

... Aramaic was ... the language of education and trade spoken the world over... By the 8th Century, B.C. the Aramaic tongue was widely in use from Egypt to Asia Major to Pakistan and was the main language of the great empires of Assyria, Babylon, and later the Chaldean Empire and the Imperial government of Mesopotamia. The language also spread to Palestine, supplanting Hebrew as the main tongue some time between 721 and 500 B.C. Much of Jewish law was formed, debated and transmitted in Aramaic, and it was the language that formed the basis of the Talmud.

Jesus would have spoken and written what is now known as Western Aramaic, which was the dialect of the Jews during his lifetime. After his death, early Christians wrote portions of scripture in Aramaic, spreading the stories of Jesus’ life and messages in that language across many lands.

As the historical language of expressing religious ideas, Aramaic is a common thread that ties together both Judaism and Christianity..."8

The information from the official site section which stated that Gibson decided "to have the Jesus of his film speak the same language that the historical Jesus spoke 2,000 years ago", also went on to say:

"Gibson sought the help of Father William Fulco, Chair of Mediterranean Studies at Loyal Marymount University and one the worlds foremost experts on the Aramaic language and classical Semitic cultures. Fulco translated the script for The Passion of The Christ entirely into First Century Aramaic for the Jewish characters and street Latin for the Roman characters, drawing on his extensive linguistic and cultural knowledge."

William Fulco, who did all of the translation for both the Aramaic, and the Latin for the film, in an interview had a different explanation:

However, the Aramaic spoken today, called the Eastern group of dialects, is different from the Aramaic spoken by Jesus Christ, dubbed the Western group, a branch that is considered extinct. 

That made it difficult for Fulco to translate the Passion script, as no one really knows how Jesus spoke.

"We don't know much about ancient Aramaic," says Fulco, who stitched together a language from a variety of sources, including the Old Testament of Daniel, fourth-century Syriac and Hebrew.

"Almost every town had a different dialect. I created a possible reconstruction and had to coach all the actors."  8b 

So it appears that a composite language was comprised of Biblical Aramaic, [from before the time of Jesus], Syriac or eastern [late] Aramaic which would have been from after the time of Christ. This, along with some added Hebrew words such as Adonai, was the actual language that was "stitched together" and spoken by the actors in the movie.

Some other scholars, including Rabbi Steven Geller from Jewish Theological Seminary in New York, commented on the fact that there was no Greek spoken in the movie. In an article that appeared in the New York Times it was stated:

Gibson's use of Latin, by the way, is deemed a blunder by experts. He'd have done better with Greek, which was widely spoken in Jesus' day. "No one in the Mideast spoke Latin," Geller said. In other words, don't expect every scholar to walk away from "Passion" saying, "Si fractum non sit, noli id reficere" - "if it ain't broke, don't fix it." 8c

Jesuit priest William Fulco, Chair of Mediterranean Studies at Loyola Marymount University, who translated and put together the languages used in the script for the movie, also deviated from the statement on the Official Passion website, which states:

"All the characters in the film are heard speaking the languages they would actually have spoken at the time. This means Aramaic for the Jewish characters, including Christ and his disciples, and "street Latin" for the Romans." www.thepassionofthechrist.com/skip.html

He chose in some spots, to switch the languages of the Jews and the Romans, Jesus and Pilate, and used x-rated Latin, all in sharp contrast to what was said on the Official Passion website, Synopsis and Background/ Languages information.

From the Chicago Tribune article "The Jesuit scholar who translated `The Passion'" by Nathan Bierma, March 4, 2004:

"....Fulco left Greek out of "The Passion," ... He also made mostly imperceptible distinctions between the elegant Latin of Pilate and the crude Latin of soldiers, thanks to an X-rated source he found on his shelf.

"I tracked down some obscene graffiti from Roman army camps," ... "Somebody who knows Latin really well, their ears will fall off. We didn't subtitle those words."

...I put in playful things which nobody will know. There's one scene where Caiaphas turns to his cohorts and says something in Aramaic. The subtitle says, `You take care of it.' He's actually saying, `Take care of my laundry.'...he incorporated deliberate dialogue errors in the scenes where the Roman soldiers, speaking Aramaic, are shouting to Jewish crowds, who respond in Latin..."there's an exchange where Pilate addresses Jesus in Aramaic, and Jesus answers in Latin. It's kind of a nifty little symbolic thing: Jesus is going to beat him at his own game," Fulco said. "One line [in that exchange] I kind of enjoyed is when Jesus says, `My power is given from above, otherwise my followers would not have allowed this.' ..."metromix.chicagotribune.com/movies/mmx-0403040033mar04,0,3912206.story?coll=mmx-movies_heds

What was actually said by Jesus, was not that My power was given from above, but that MY Kingdom was not of this world. That difference changes perception of the Divinity of Christ:

John 18:36 Jesus answered, My kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered to the Jews: but now is my kingdom not from hence.

The proof that Jewish people spoke more than the Hebrew or Aramaic language even in Jerusalem at the time of Christ is found in Acts 2, at the time of Pentecost:

v.5 And there were dwelling at Jerusalem Jews, devout men, out of every nation under heaven. v6"...because that every man heard them speak in his own language." [KJV]

The list of places or people groups for the languages included in the subsequent verses: Galilaeans, Parthians , Medes, Elamites, Mesopotamia, Judaea, Cappadocia, Pontus, Asia, Phrygia and Pamphylia, Egypt, parts of Libya about Cyrene and strangers of Rome, Jews and proselytes, Cretes and Arabians..

Perhaps, the most important verses that show the variety of languages being spoken of and read by the people of the time, is found in Luke 23:38, when Christ was crucified. 

And it is in these verses we notice to be directly violated and changed in Mr. Gibson's The Passion of The Christ, both in historical fact, but also Biblical truth. On the sign written by Pilate in the movie, only two languages are used. There are two lines of Latin and one line of Aramaic on the sign, which creates an illusion of three languages. Luke 23:38

"And a superscription also was written over him in letters of Greek, and Latin and Hebrew, THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS." [KJV]

38 ... letters of Greek <Hellenikos>, and Latin <Rhomaikos>, and  Hebrew <Hebraikos>, THIS IS  THE KING  OF THE JEWS.

Matthew 27:37 records it: 

And set up over his head his accusation written, THIS IS JESUS THE KING OF THE JEWS. [KJV]

And most noteworthy is the record of the event in John 19:19 -22:

19And Pilate wrote a title, and put it on the cross. And the writing was, JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS.
20 This title then read many of the Jews: for the place where Jesus was crucified was nigh to the city: and it was written in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin.
21 Then said the chief priests of the Jews to Pilate, Write not, The King of the Jews; but that he said, I am King of the Jews.
22 Pilate answered, What I have written I have written. [KJV]

That means it was written in Greek, the language of commerce, Latin, the legal language of the Roman empire and it was written in Hebrew, which was the language of the Temple. "JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS."

Hebrew: Yeshua haNazarei v Melech haYehudim
Greek: Iesous Nazoraios Basileus Ioudaios
Latin: Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum

Is it possible that a Traditional Catholic versus a pro-Vatican II Catholic would not be aware of this 'three language' issue? To answer that, a look at the Biblia Sacra Vulgata (VULGATE) or Latin Vulgate revealed this information:

John19:

19 scripsit autem et titulum Pilatus et posuit super crucem erat autem scriptum Iesus Nazarenus rex Iudaeorum
20: hunc ergo titulum multi legerunt Iudaeorum quia prope civitatem erat locus ubi crucifixus est Iesus et erat scriptum hebraice graece et latine

**Hebraice > in Hebrew, in the Hebrew language;  Graece >Greek;  Latine > in Latin

Which translated, states that the message written by Pilate was written in three languages, not two languages, as depicted in the movie, "The Passion of The Christ".

A Hebrew-language page on the film's fan site has entitled the movie Hayisurim, which literally means,  The Torments. The two line description states, in Hebrew: "'The Torments' is a vivid depiction of the last 12 hours of Jesus' life."

Instead of the Hebrew name "Yeshua" ("Salvation") for Jesus, which is used throughout the movie, the site uses the word "Yeshu" - used by some who deny Jesus, as an acronym for "Yimach sh'mo v'zikhrono", which translated means "May His name and memory be blotted out." It is the last word in the last line of the Hebrew, which is written Yod-Shin-Vav, which transliterates from the Hebrew as "Yeshu".

Hebrew: http://www.passion-movie.com/hebrew/index.html

On the Hebrew site showing the cast members, James Caviezel is listed as playing Yeshu. http://www.passion-movie.com/hebrew/cast.html The Latin site information is correct and so is the Greek.

The possible reason for the aversion to the Greek language being used in the film, may be due to what some refer to as a "schism". When the removal of the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople occurred around 330 C.E., a power struggle began between the Bishops of  Constantinople and Rome. Eventually the Christian church at that time was divided by the "split" which ended up with the Roman Catholic Church in the west and Orthodox Churches [Greek and Russian] in the east.

Historically we are told that after the conquest of Alexander the Great, the Greek language was spoken throughout the ancient world from about 330 B.C. to 330 C.E. Koine, or common Greek, was spoken in Rome, Athens, Alexandria and Jerusalem. When the Romans conquered the Greeks in 146 B.C. they assumed much of the Greek customs and language themselves. The apostle Paul, writing his letter to the saints in Rome, which was the capital city of the empire, wrote it in Greek, not Latin. 

The Jews of the first century spoke Aramaic as a common language among themselves. Aramaic is in some ways similar to Hebrew. In commerce they used the common Koine Greek that many of the peoples in the area used for hundreds of years. They probably spoke at least two or three languages as many people in Israel still do today. The Roman rulers and their military personnel, who occupied Jerusalem at that time, spoke predominantly Greek and Latin. 

Below are some excerpts from a Catholic site that references the Catholic Encyclopedia as the source: 

"Many facts point to the diffusion of the Greek language and culture throughout Judea and Galilee, as early as the first century B.C.; we may suppose that the Apostles, at least most of them, read and spoke Greek as well as Aramaic, from their childhood..." 9 

"It is also asserted that Palestine at the time of Jesus Christ was practically bilingual, so that Christ must have spoken Aramaic and Greek; the indications that He was acquainted with Hebrew and Latin are rather slight." 10 

Note: This writer personally feels that there is a good possibility that Jesus spoke Hebrew also, because of what is written in Luke 4:17-19, referring to Him reading from the Isaiah Scroll in the Temple.

We also find this information from their Q&A page:

"We do not know whether Pilate used a translator in his conversations with Christ. As a Roman governor, Pilate would have known Latin (his native language) and Greek (the international language). He might also have known some Aramaic, since he was governor of an Aramaic-speaking territory. Even if he did not know Aramaic, many Jews would have no problem conversing with him; Greek was the language of commerce, and many Jews knew it from their business dealings. Thus Jesus' conversations with Pilate might have been conducted in Greek." 11

If we look at historical documents we will find that many of the writers of the day, both Jewish and Roman, and also after the time of Christ, wrote in the Greek language. For example.

Flavius Josephus [C.E.37- C.E.100]: Josephus was a Jewish chronicler whose historical writings are viewed as some of the most valuable historical resources for information on Jewish history and early Christianity. Josephus resided in Rome as a guest of the government, where he wrote historical works in the Greek language, although it is believed that his native language was Aramaic.

Cassius Dio was a historian from Bithynia, and his writings were in Greek, although few of them have survived. He was born around C.E. 163, and was a Roman consul in C.E.205 and also in 229. 

The Dead Sea Scrolls are one of the most valuable discoveries of our day. They have given us a look into the writings of the time before, during, and after Christ. There are literally thousands of scroll fragments. The number of different writings represented is quite large, and they are written in three different languages: Aramaic, Hebrew, and Greek. There were none written in Latin. It is also important to note, that the Gospels in the New Testament portion of the Latin Bible is translated from the Koine Greek manuscripts. 

Salvation & Evangelism

According to Mel Gibson, there is no salvation outside the Catholic Church. In the traditionalist doctrine, only the Catholic Church is authorized and equipped to interpret the true meaning of the Biblical word of God, and that word of God is to be interpreted vi verborum, according to the words, that is, literally.  Traditionalist Catholics believe only Catholics go to heaven.

On being asked by Peter Boyer, interviewing Gibson for a New Yorker article, whether being a Protestant disqualified him [Boyer] from salvation, Mr. Gibson responded simply: “there is no salvation outside the Church.” He then went on to talk about his non-Catholic wife. “My wife is a saint. She’s a much better person than I am. She’s Episcopalian, Church of England. She prays, she believes in God, she knows Jesus, she believes in that stuff. And it’s just not fair if she doesn’t make it, she’s better than I am. But that [outside the Catholic Church there is no salvation] is a pronouncement from the Chair. I go with it." 13

However on the ABCNEWS' Primetime, on Monday, February 16, 2004 with Diane Sawyer, he said all people will eventually get to heaven:

DIANE SAWYER (ABC NEWS) -- "... when we talked with Gibson and his actors, we wondered, does his traditionalist view bar the door to Heaven for Jews, Protestants, Muslims?

MEL GIBSON -- "That's not the case at all. Absolutely not. It is possible for people who are not even Christian to get into the Kingdom of Heaven. It's just easier for -and I have to say that because that's what I believe."

DIANE SAWYER -- "You have the nonstop ticket?"

MEL GIBSON -- "Well, yeah, I'm saying it's an easier ride where I am because it's like -I have to believe that."

...MEL GIBSON -- "... it's our belief that by the sin of the first people, original sin, that the gates were closed to us, to eternal life, and that his sacrifice as a redeemer of all mankind was to open the gates to all of us again."

Gibson presents the Catholic "eucharist" during the raising of the cross, by using a flashback which shows the actor Caviezel about to break the bread at the Last Supper. The Catholic meaning is clear. The bread broken at the Passover meal, which Jesus says "is my body," signifies His body which is being crucified. Protestants would also agree with that symbolism.

However, for Catholics, there is of course a very clear focus and message of every Catholic Mass in which the Last Supper is commemorated, and the death of Christ on the cross is "mystically" recalled and re-enacted, teaching that taking Communion is actually eating and drinking the physical body and blood of Christ. Catholics believe that the "Holy Eucharist" is the Body, Blood, Soul and Divinity of Jesus Christ, actually present in the physical appearance of bread and wine. The Catholic position is that Christ must be re-offered continually on the altar in the Catholic Church at each Mass. In their theology, this is an unending process in which Catholics must participate or they may forfeit any hope of heaven. 

Quoting The Catholic Catechism, by John A. Hardon, a Catholic theologian, “Those who receive his body and blood (in the Mass) will enjoy the parousia [His coming into their presence]; those who reject the Eucharist condemn themselves.” (CathCat, p. 119) Further, the Eucharist should be adored and worshipped as the “public manifestation” of the belief that it contains the real presence of Christ in the bread and wine (p. 480). Without the Eucharist there is no participation in the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus “in the Eucharist, unites us to his sacrifice.” (p. 445). " 14 

We are reminded of these Scriptures:

Hebrews 9:24 For Christ is not entered into the holy places made with hands, which are the figures of the true; but into heaven itself, now to appear in the presence of God for us:
25 Nor yet that he should offer himself often, as the high priest entereth into the holy place every year with blood of others;
26 For then must he often have suffered since the foundation of the world: but now once in the end of the world hath he appeared to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself. [KJV]

John 14:6 Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me. [KJV]

19.And what is the exceeding greatness of his power to us-ward who believe, according to the working of his mighty power,
20 Which he wrought in Christ, when he raised him from the dead, and set him at his own right hand in the heavenly places,
21 Far above all principality, and power, and might, and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come:
22 And hath put all things under his feet, and gave him to be the head over all things to the church,
23 Which is his body, the fulness of him that filleth all in all. [KJV] 

The beauty of the Sacrifice was that death could not hold Him. "The Passion of The Christ" leaves the focus on a graphic and violent portrayal of a Jesus tortured and dead. In all of the concern expressed about anti semitism, and potential for violence against Jews, I would like to make this statement. It was not the Jews or the Romans who crucified Jesus. It was our sin. He was slain before the foundation of the world. [Revelation 13:8] Adam's sin necessitated Jesus' sacrifice. Hence, God spoke of it to Adam and Eve and satan. 

It was our sin that put Him there, and His love that made Him choose to go. He did not have to die for us. He unselfishly chose to.

John 15:13 Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends. [KJV] 

Hebrews 12:2 Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith; who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising the shame, and is set down at the right hand of the throne of God. [KJV] 

24  But Thomas, one of the twelve, called Didymus, was not with them when Jesus came.
25  The other disciples therefore said unto him, We have seen the Lord. But he said unto them, Except I shall see in his hands the print of the nails, and put my finger into the print of the nails, and thrust my hand into his side, I will not believe.
26  And after eight days again his disciples were within, and Thomas with them: then came Jesus, the doors being shut, and stood in the midst, and said, Peace be unto you.
27  Then saith he to Thomas, Reach hither thy finger, and behold my hands; and reach hither thy hand, and thrust it into my side: and be not faithless, but believing.
28  And Thomas answered and said unto him, My Lord and my God.
29  Jesus saith unto him, Thomas, because thou hast seen me, thou hast believed: blessed are they that have not seen, and yet have believed. [KJV] 

It is not artistic. It is so movie goers have an emotional and sensory experience beyond reason. The "crucifixion" of a Jesus is viewed as wonderful to behold and watch repeatedly, with every gory and horrific scene felt and experienced visually and heard....the only thing missing is the smell.

Movie goers just need to see this Jesus, who many believe to truly epitomize Christ, beaten and beaten and beaten again, with every imaginative portrayal of a crucifixion.  Some having seen it once are going back two or more times, because they enjoyed it ... "loved it" so much, and "it was so accurate to the gospels." One testimony of that enjoyment even included the thoughts that they had laughed at the funny parts, of which others would say, there were none. Some viewers, while saying it is the way it was, shrug their shoulders over what they also notice to be the un- Scriptural presentation and historically inaccurate information, and then say, "That's Hollywood, what can you expect?" 

Is this the "new" evangelism opportunity? 

Romans 10:14 How then shall they call on him in whom they have not believed? and how shall they believe in him of whom they have not heard? and how shall they hear without a preacher?
15 And how shall they preach, except they be sent? as it is written, How beautiful are the feet of them that preach the gospel of peace, and bring glad tidings of good things!
16 But they have not all obeyed the gospel. For Esaias saith, Lord, who hath believed our report?
17 So then faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God. [KJV] 

Colossians 1:23 If ye continue in the faith grounded and settled, and be not moved away from the hope of the gospel, which ye have heard, and which was preached .... [KJV] 

Titus 1:3 But hath in due times manifested his word through preaching.... [KJV] 

Galatians 1:8 But though we, or an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that which we have preached unto you, let him be accursed. [KJV] 

We do not know how this movie can be "the greatest evangelizing tool in the last 2000 years," when the actual Word of God is spoken mostly in an excerpted, partially quoted, paraphrased form for only ten or so minutes in the Aramaic language that only a limited few can understand, with
titles. Scripture is also sometimes taken out of context, used mixed with dialogue, and spoken incorrectly as in the incidence where He said to Mary "see mother, I make all things new," That was a mixture of actors dialogue with a passage from Revelation 21:5. Those lines have been said in languages that very few comprehend in the first place, and there are not always titles when the language is being spoken. This occurs in the beginning of the movie when Jesus is first praying in the garden, and in other scenes as well. It is God's Word that must be heard in order for souls to be won to Him.  Have viewers, and particularly Christians forgotten what Revelation 22 states:

22: 18 For I testify unto every man that heareth the words of the prophecy of this book, If any man shall add unto these things, God shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this book:
19 And if any man shall take away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part out of the book of life, and out of the holy city, and from the things which are written in this book. [KJV] 

And Proverbs 30:

5 Every word of God is pure: he is a shield unto them that put their trust in him.
6 Add thou not unto his words, lest he reprove thee, and thou be found a liar. [KJV] 

Many who stood and watched Christ crucified almost 2000 years ago, never believed Him, even after knowing He had risen from the grave. Many physically heard Jesus Christ speak, heard Him prophecy His death and resurrection, and saw Him even after He was risen from the dead and still doubted Him. [Matthew 28:16-20; Mark 16:9-15] 

Should a movie's presentation of a Jesus and a gospel, be viewed an evangelistic success, when portraying a Biblically and historically inaccurate presentation of Christ? 

In " The Making of the Passion of the Christ", which was broadcast on PAX, February 22, Mel Gibson stated: 

"...You can't help working on something like this without it affecting you in some way. You spend every waking hour thinking about this... looking at it... dwelling on it...disseminating facts...separating fact from fiction...ah...trying to find the reality of it and just literally.. it's like a meditation...and it's gone on for wow...it's over a year now it's like ah you know...it's like fifteen months of just...flat out kind of like meditation on this...it's just this one short day...or long day...it's a pretty long day..."

And at the end of the interview, Mel Gibson stated:

"...That's what art is, and that's what making art is about. It's about sort of throwing it all out there...I'm no expert...you know you can only put your own experience into your work...you're dealing with very powerful stuff here...the truth is powerful stuff....I've shown it in a way... that I think is kind of original...what can I say...I think it's maybe better...I just had to do what was true to me and true to the gospels...the Gospels are for everybody...from the smallest child to the wisest sage. And I fall somewhere in the middle..."

In that same documentary, Mel Gibson said of James Caviezel, the actor who played Jesus, in "The Passion of The Christ":

"He's got some ....other world or un worldly knowledge that seems to envelop him like a glow...and um... that very presence... I thought was a key thing in his casting, that is somebody that emits that kind of light...and he has a very good light coming out of him..."

Mr. Gibson, in a private interview with a national pastor, said that he believed his movie would "convert" many.  To what will they be converted?

2 Corinthians 11:4  For if he that cometh preacheth another Jesus, whom we have not preached, or if ye receive another spirit, which ye have not received, or another gospel, which ye have not accepted, ye might well bear with him. [KJV] 

If only the Jesus and the Truth within the Bible, which teaches us about Jesus' death and resurrection, the way God intended, would capture minds and hearts. In the Old Testament or Tenach, Isaiah 53, and the Gospels are as graphic as deemed necessary by God and all that is necessary for us.  The death process was not the end.  It was the beginning.  Jesus reigns.  His death paid the price.  His resurrection gives us life, and life abundantly. His resurrection gives us life eternal. His Life after death is the Gospel message.  It is the message of hope to those in despair, perfect love for the rejected, restoration of heart, mind, and soul for the lost, forgotten, bruised and broken. 

"The Passion of The Christ" is none of these things. 

This writer cannot help but put it into one Scriptural perspective....and that is this. 

Mark 13:21  And then if any man shall say to you, Lo, here is Christ; or, lo, he is there; believe him not:
22  For false Christs and false prophets shall rise, and shall show signs and wonders, to seduce, if it were possible, even the elect. [KJV] 

Next Article: 

Comments About Mel Gibson's "The Passion of The Christ"

Previous Page: Article Split Due to Size

Mel Gibson's "The Passion of The Christ":1

Other Articles: 

A Different View of Mel Gibson's  The Passion of The Christ >

[also available split into 2 parts > gibson1, gibson2]

Comments About Mel Gibson's "The Passion of The Christ"

Pro & Con Comments About Mel Gibson's "The Passion of The Christ"             

Mel Gibson, Biblical Accuracy & The Other Passion Source: The 15 Prayers of St. Bridget

God Can Use Anything...But Should We? Q & A About The Passion of The Christ

Q & A: More Scriptural Comparison's of The Passion of the Christ

Q & A: About the Cast & Crew of Mel Gibson's The Passion of the Christ

NewsFlash!  Mystic Anne Emmerich to be Beatified

Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment & Zondervan To Distribute 

DVD/VHS of Mel Gibson's The Passion of The Christ

 

Footnotes

1. http://www.atstracts.org/  

2. http://www.thepassionofthechrist.com/skip.html

2b. www.newsday.com/entertainment/ny-p2twoside3682268feb23,0,1818056,print.story?coll=ny-entertainment-bigpix

3. http://www.unomaha.edu/~wwwjrf/2004Symposium/Lawler.htm ; and other sources

4. http://www.spiritdaily.org/Quickhive%20articles/emmerichlife3.htm http://www.spiritdaily.com/emmerichlife.htm. and other sources

5. www.medjugorje.hr/Int%20Caviezel%20ENG.htm

5b.  http://www.spiritdaily.com/gibsonmiracles.htm

6. http://www.thepassionofthechrist.com/skip.html

7. Ibid

8. Ibid

8b. http://www.dfw.com/mld/startelegram/living/8035921.htm

8c. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/24/nyregion/24NYC.html?fta=y

9. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08280a.htm

10. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08377a.htm

11. http://www.newadvent.org/almanac/thisrock94.htm

12. http://www.ncregister.com/Register_News/030903gibson.htm

13.  Peter J. Boyer, “The Jesus War: Mel Gibson’s Obsession,” The New Yorker, September 15, 2003, 71.

14. http://www.conservativeonline.org/journals/05_14_journal/2001v5n14_id04.htm

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